In 2001 the Northwest Environment Watch (now Sightline Institute) contracted the Community and Environment Spatial Analysis Center (CommenSpace) to conduct an analysis of change to population density and impervious surfaces in Portland, Seattle and Vancouver.  Chris Davis, Tim Schaub and I developed a series of metrics and analysis methods used to support the Northwest Environment Watch's assessment of smart growth and pavement presented in their book This place on Earth 2002.  Measuring what matters.​

Durning, A. T. and Northwest Environment Watch (2002). This place on earth 2002 : measuring what matters. Seattle, Northwest Environment Watch.

Downloaded from Sightline's website in August 2016

Smart growth, population density and impervious surfaces in three Northwest cities: Portand OR, Seattle WA and Vancouver BC.

The outcome from this work contributed to other publications by the authors.

• Davis, C. (2006). Bridging scales and knowledge systems : concepts and applications in ecosystem assessment. Bridging scales and knowledge systems : concepts and applications in ecosystem assessment. W. V. Reid, F. Berkes, T. Wilbanks and D. Capistrano. Washington, D.C., Island Press: 81-104.
  
• Davis, C. and T. Schaub (2005). "A transboundary study of urban sprawl in the Pacific Coast region of North America: The benefits of multiple measurement methods." JAG International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation 7(4): 268-283.​